MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR METAL RECOVERY FROM WASTEWATER: A REVIEW

Water usage in South Africa. Policy principles. Description of metal removal methods, advantages, disadvantages, performance, references: cementation, solvent extraction, evaporation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, biological treatment, membrane processing. A focus on sulphide precipitation with bacteria (sulphate-reducing prokaryotes, conditions of life, process) and on membrane bioreactors.