BIOLOGICAL FIXED FILM SYSTEMS

The references catalogued are divided on the basis of fundamental research area or reactor types. Fundamental research into biofilms is presented in two sections: characterization / measurement and growth / modelling. The reactor types that are covered are trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, fluidised bed and airlift bioreactors, submerged bed biofilm reactors, biological granular activated carbon, membrane bioreactors and immobilized cell reactors. Thereafter innovative reactors that are not easily classified are presented and an additional section on biofilms on sand, soil and sediment is given.